联合国开发计划署UNDP：2025年内陆发展中国家推动经济多元化：实现阿瓦扎行动纲领报告（英文版）

tariff uncertainties have amplified existing vulnerabilities. LLDCs account for only 1.3% of global exports, 82% of which are unprocessed primary commodities, and face 1.4 times higher trade costs than coastal partners. With this, UNDP’s preliminary analysis shows that tariff impacts are about 4% higher on average for LLDC countries relative to non-LLDCs. This brief summarizes these structural challenges and discusses two evolving scenarios –covering the intensification of existing trade patt