国际货币基金组织：巴拿马国有企业（英文版）

Panama has a significant and diverse state-owned enterprise (SOE) sector, comprising 16 non-financial enterprises, 5 financial institutions, and the Panama Canal Authority (ACP). The ACP operates under a specific legal and budgetary framework that ensures its institutional autonomy, which has been key to its success. The other SOEs operate under a different legal framework and have seen mixed performance. Drawing lessons from the success of the ACP, greater independence in their governance, f