国际货币基金组织：实现西班牙气候目标的政策：西班牙（英文版）

Spain aims to cut greenhouse gas emissions, which implies further 30 percent cut from 2023 levels by 2030, requiring new measures beyond current efforts. Emission intensity varies widely across Spanish firms, offering potential for reductions by incentivizing laggards to match less-polluting peers. Relying mainly on public spending, like subsidies or investments, would be costly and insufficient. Carbon pricing is the most effective, cost-efficient, and fiscally attractive option, especially