MDPI：工业4.0到工业5.0转型回顾：探索技术与人机协同的交叉、挑战与机遇研究

The Industrial Revolution (IR) involves a centuries-long process of economic and societal transformation driven by industrial and technological innovation. From agrarian, craft-based societies to modern systems powered by Artificial Intelligence (AI), each IR has brought significant societal advancements yet raised concerns about future implications. As we transition from the Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR4.0) to the emergent Fifth Industrial Revolution (IR5.0), similar questions arise rega