国际货币基金组织：加强欧洲气候行动带来的能源安全收益报告（英文版）

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022 sparked an energy crisis in Europe. As shown in this paper, this crisis came on the back of a broad-based deterioration in energy security in previous decades, as the continent came to rely increasingly on imported energy from ever fewer suppliers. Following the war, policymakers have taken an impressive array of individual and collective actions to strengthen energy security. The main question this paper addresses is whether strengthening efforts to m