世界银行：贸易和全球价值链一体化的经济后果：计量视角（英文版）

This paper presents a new approach to measuring Global Value Chain (GVC) participation, essential for informed policy-making. It introduces a tripartite classification of GVC involvement—backward, forward, and two-sided— extending beyond trade to include production data. GVCs, vital for global economic growth, are networks through which companies internationally produce goods and services. The advanced framework accurately assesses how different combinations of domestic output, trade, and GVC