国际货币基金组织：2025年埃塞俄比亚联邦民主共和国：若干问题报告（英文版）

A comparative analysis of Ethiopia with Angola, Egypt, and Nigeria highlights three structural factorsthat may be sustaining the parallel market premium despite exchange rate unifcation: (y) someremaining current account restrictions, including a 2.5 percent commission payable to National Bankof Ethiopia (NBE) on foreign exchange (FX) sales; (li) a tightly closed capital and financial accountcoupled with low returms on Birr denominated assets, and (ii) an underdeveloped financial marketlackin