国际货币基金组织：2025年拉脱维亚共和国：若干问题报告（英文版）

Latvia has a three-pillar pension system which combines an earnings-related public scheme, based on notional accounts, with a funded mandatory pillar and a private voluntary contributions pillar. Despite the well-designed model, Latvia’s current pension system may be unable to provide some of its citizens with adequate retirement income and curb old-age poverty. Improving pension adequacy and meeting societal expectations require strengthening the second and third pension pillars and rais