英国财政研究所（IFS）：英国地方当局的小区域消费估算（英文版）

In this paper, we estimate average equivalised consumption measures across local authority districts in Great Britain. We use small-area estimation methods that combine information from a household budget survey, a much larger survey of local demographics and employment, and area-level information on card transactions and energy consumption. Simulations indicate that our measures significantly outperform sample averages taken from the budget survey alone, as well as naive regression imputation e