国际清算银行：2024年美洲近岸作业的证据报告（英文版）（英文版）

After decades of deepening economic integration, trade conflicts and geopolitical tensions have recently disrupted global trade patterns (IMF (2023a, 2023b), Qiu et al (2024)). Tariffs and non-tariff measures on goods and investment, and threats of further measures, have increased economic and trade policy uncertainty (Graph 1.A). While the focus is on tensions between the United States and China, restrictions on imports and investment have risen globally, particularly after the Covid-19 pand