世界银行：大规模模块化生态系统：理解数字时代复杂产业的框架（英文版）

The rapid evolution of the global economy, driven by digitization and modularization, has outpaced existing theoretical tools. This paper proposes a unified analytical framework for understanding the complexity of digital industries through the lens of Massive Modular Ecosystems. To operationalize this concept, the paper develops a systematic methodology for mapping prevailing and alternative governance structures across interconnected, layered, and nested ecosystems. Synthesizing insights fr