英国财政研究所（IFS）：用火山爆发来估计空气污染对学生考试成绩的影响（英文版）

We pair variation stemming from volcanic eruptions with the census of Hawai‘i’s public schools student test scores to estimate the impact of PM2.5 and SO2 on student performance. Increased particulate pollution decreases test scores. These results are concentrated among schools with the highest long­term average levels of pollution. The effects of PM2.5 are larger for the poorest pupils by a factor of at least three. We demonstrate that poor air quality disproportionately impacts the human ca