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掌握一门甚至几门外语技能,不仅是高薪职位的敲门砖,而且是锦绣前程的铺路石。近年来,中德贸易往来日渐频繁,学习德语的朋友也越来越多。外唐网特意收录了这部实用初级德语教程供大家参考借鉴。
德语分为高地德语(Hochdeutsch)和低地德语(Plattdeutsch)。高地德语是共同语,它采用了低地德语的某些发音规则,低地德语听上去更象英语和荷兰语。通用的书面语以高地德语为准。各方言之间的差异很大。高地德语和低地德语的语言分界线大致从德国西北部的亚琛起,向东经过莱茵河畔的本拉特、卡塞尔、马格德堡直到奥得河畔的浮斯腾堡,这条线以南是高地德语,以北是低地德语。
高地德语(Hochdeutsch)是西日耳曼语(Westgermanisch),主要通用于德国(Deutschland)、奥地利(Oesterreich)、列支敦士登(Lichtenstein)、瑞士(Schweiz)和卢森堡(Luxemburg),也用于一些临近的地区,是现代德语的主体。高地指阿尔卑斯山(Alpen)和临近的德国南部山区,在瑞士和卢森堡,“高地德语”一词特指标准德语。
德语句子结构的特点:动词谓语为句子的核心,它要求各格的宾语或介词宾语和各种补语。在普通陈述句中,主语或其他句子成分居句首时,谓语动词总是居第二位。如果谓语由两个部分组成,即由可变部分(时间助动词或情态助动词)和不可变部分(动词的不定式或第二分词)构成,则可变部分居第二位(在有些句子中居第一位),而不变部分居句尾,这是德语特有的谓语“框架结构”。句法的另一个特点是从句中动词谓语位于句末,其句子成分的排列顺序是:连词或关系代词—主语和句子其它成分—动词谓语。
德语的词汇量估计为30万~50万。按其来源可以分为3种:1,继承词,指从印欧语和日耳曼语时期流传下来的词语及其派生词与复合词;2,借词,指在历史上从外族语吸收并已为德语同化了的词;3,外来词,指从外族语吸收而仍然保留原有特点的词。继承词和借词的重音大部分在第一个音节上,外来词的重音在最后一个音节或倒数第二个或第三个音节上。词汇构成的特点是大量使用派生与复合的手段,复合构成在德语构词法中最为普遍。两个以上的各种词类的词均可复合成一个新词。名词第一字母都要大写。
德语对世界文化有过明显的贡献。马丁路德所译的《圣经—新约》对现代德语共同语的形成起了重要作用。在他的启发下,用北欧诸语言所译的《新约》也在本国起了语言的规范作用。19世纪德国哲学提供了启迪人的心智的概念和术语,直到今天人们谈到哲学问题仍不得不用德文原词以明本义。德国的医学和化学长期领先,这也使德语成为这些学科的研究者必须学习的语言。
- LEARN GERMAN FOR BEGINNERS LESSONS 1-50
- 1 Learn German for Beginners - German Greetings
- 2 How to say MY NAME IS ...
- 3 How to say I come from..
- 4 How to say HOW ARE YOU in German and COMMON MISTAKEs
- 5 How to say I live in .... in German
- 6 How to say Yes, No, Thank you, You're Welcome in German
- 7 the German NUMBERS FROM 0 TO 20 (PARODY) - YouTube
- 8 THE GERMAN NUMBERS FROM 20 to 100 (PARODY)
- 9 The German Definite Articles DER, DIE, DAS
- 10 Awesome Hints on how to Guess German Articles
- 11 How much is.... in German Wie viel kostet...
- 12 Personal data in German - die PERSONALIEN
- 13 USEFUL German verbs The Verb TO BE in GERMAN
- 14 German professions
- 15
- 16
- 17 USEFUL German verbs TO HAVE ( haben )
- 18 How to Talk about Your FAMILY in German!
- 19
- 20 How to INTRODUCE OTHERS in German (+ English subtitles)
- 21 10 MOST USED GERMAN ACTION VERBS (PARODY!)
- 22 - Asking QUESTIONS in German
- 23 The 6 Most IMPORTANT German Question Words!
- 24 Asking for HELP in German (Useful Phrases)
- 25_ Learn the verb TO SPEAK in German
- 26 Learn the Top 10 LANGUAGES in German!
- 27_ Learn German Vocabulary of FOOD (Das Essen)
- 28_ Ordering in a Restaurant_ Bestellen im Restaurant
- 29_ Must EAT & DRINK in GERMANY_ Typical German Food and Drinks! �
- 30_ How to say 'I am Hungry' and 'Yummy!' (Useful Phrases for Food in Ger
- 31_ Learn the DAYS OF THE WEEK in German
- 32_ We learn the MONTHS in German and sing with me! ♫♫
- 33_ Introduction to German MODAL VERBS (can, must, want etc)
- 34_ The German MODAL VERB 'WOLLEN' (want to)
- 35_ The German MODAL VERB 'KÖNNEN' (can) ????????????
- 36_ The German MODAL VERB 'MÜSSEN' (have to_ must)
- 37_ The German MODAL VERB 'DÜRFEN' (to be allowed to)
- 38_ The German MODAL VERB 'MÖGEN' (to like) ????????????
- 39_ Learn the Top 10 German Adjectives!
- 40_ The weather _ Das Wetter ☀️ ☁️ ☂️ ❄️ ⛄️
- 41_ German Colors (with Game!) ❤️ ???? ???? ????
- 42_ Means of TRANSPORT in German ???? ???? ???? ⛴
- 43_ What is your relationship status_ ???? ???? ????
- 44_ German Sentence Structure Explained Part 1 ????????????
- 45_ German Sentence Structure Explained Part 2 ????????????
- 46_ German Separable Verbs Explained - Trennbare Verben
- 47_ BODY PARTY IN GERMAN - DIE KÖRPERTEILE ????????????
- 48_ German Vocabulary of CLOTHES! ???? ???? ???? ????????
- 49_ How to form the GERMAN PLURAL (Long Version) der DEUTSCHE PLUR
- 50_ Was machst du in deiner Freizeit_ __ German freetime Vocabular
- 51_ Tagesablauf _ Daily Routine in German !
- 52 How is your Morning routine Learn how to talk about morning act
- 53 10 German Animals Names you MUST KNOW
- 54_ Basic Conversation in German - Comedy Sketch (Translation in D
- 55_ 10 Basic German Words EVERY Beginner MUST know!
- 56_ Quickly Repeat the German Numbers from 0 to 10
- 57_ Quickly Repeat the German Numbers from 11 to 20
- 58 - Quickly Repeat the German Numbers from 20 to 100
- 59 - How to tell the TIME in German - Die Uhrzeit (part 1)
- 60 - How to tell the TIME in German (part 2)
- 61 - How to tell the TIME in German - Exercises _ Übungen (part 3)
- How to write an INFORMAL LETTER in German (A1, A2) - Brief schreiben auf Deutsch
- LEARN GERMAN FOR BEGINNERS LESSONS 1-50
- 1 Learn German for Beginners - German Greetings
- 2 How to say MY NAME IS ...
- 3 How to say I come from..
- 4 How to say HOW ARE YOU in German and COMMON MISTAKEs
- 5 How to say I live in .... in German
- 6 How to say Yes, No, Thank you, You're Welcome in German
- 7 the German NUMBERS FROM 0 TO 20 (PARODY) - YouTube
- 8 THE GERMAN NUMBERS FROM 20 to 100 (PARODY)
- 9 The German Definite Articles DER, DIE, DAS
- 10 Awesome Hints on how to Guess German Articles
- 11 How much is.... in German Wie viel kostet...
- 12 Personal data in German - die PERSONALIEN
- 13 USEFUL German verbs The Verb TO BE in GERMAN
- 14 German professions
- 15
- 16
- 17 USEFUL German verbs TO HAVE ( haben )
- 18 How to Talk about Your FAMILY in German!
- 19
- 20 How to INTRODUCE OTHERS in German (+ English subtitles)
- 21 10 MOST USED GERMAN ACTION VERBS (PARODY!)
- 22 - Asking QUESTIONS in German
- 23 The 6 Most IMPORTANT German Question Words!
- 24 Asking for HELP in German (Useful Phrases)
- 25_ Learn the verb TO SPEAK in German
- 26 Learn the Top 10 LANGUAGES in German!
- 27_ Learn German Vocabulary of FOOD (Das Essen)
- 28_ Ordering in a Restaurant_ Bestellen im Restaurant
- 29_ Must EAT & DRINK in GERMANY_ Typical German Food and Drinks! �
- 30_ How to say 'I am Hungry' and 'Yummy!' (Useful Phrases for Food in Ger
- 31_ Learn the DAYS OF THE WEEK in German
- 32_ We learn the MONTHS in German and sing with me! ♫♫
- 33_ Introduction to German MODAL VERBS (can, must, want etc)
- 34_ The German MODAL VERB 'WOLLEN' (want to)
- 35_ The German MODAL VERB 'KÖNNEN' (can) ????????????
- 36_ The German MODAL VERB 'MÜSSEN' (have to_ must)
- 37_ The German MODAL VERB 'DÜRFEN' (to be allowed to)
- 38_ The German MODAL VERB 'MÖGEN' (to like) ????????????
- 39_ Learn the Top 10 German Adjectives!
- 40_ The weather _ Das Wetter ☀️ ☁️ ☂️ ❄️ ⛄️
- 41_ German Colors (with Game!) ❤️ ???? ???? ????
- 42_ Means of TRANSPORT in German ???? ???? ???? ⛴
- 43_ What is your relationship status_ ???? ???? ????
- 44_ German Sentence Structure Explained Part 1 ????????????
- 45_ German Sentence Structure Explained Part 2 ????????????
- 46_ German Separable Verbs Explained - Trennbare Verben
- 47_ BODY PARTY IN GERMAN - DIE KÖRPERTEILE ????????????
- 48_ German Vocabulary of CLOTHES! ???? ???? ???? ????????
- 49_ How to form the GERMAN PLURAL (Long Version) der DEUTSCHE PLUR
- 50_ Was machst du in deiner Freizeit_ __ German freetime Vocabular
- 51_ Tagesablauf _ Daily Routine in German !
- 52 How is your Morning routine Learn how to talk about morning act
- 53 10 German Animals Names you MUST KNOW
- 54_ Basic Conversation in German - Comedy Sketch (Translation in D
- 55_ 10 Basic German Words EVERY Beginner MUST know!
- 56_ Quickly Repeat the German Numbers from 0 to 10
- 57_ Quickly Repeat the German Numbers from 11 to 20
- 58 - Quickly Repeat the German Numbers from 20 to 100
- 59 - How to tell the TIME in German - Die Uhrzeit (part 1)
- 60 - How to tell the TIME in German (part 2)
- 61 - How to tell the TIME in German - Exercises _ Übungen (part 3)
- How to write an INFORMAL LETTER in German (A1, A2) - Brief schreiben auf Deutsch