复旦大学&上海科学智能研究院：2025年科学智能白皮书（英文版）

1.1 Definition AI for Science (AI4S) represents the convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) innovation in scientific research and AI-driven scientific discovery, demonstrating their deep integration1 , and the establishment of a transformative research paradigm. 1.2 Paradigm Scientific research drives advances in AI. Traditional research paradigms can be categorized as empirical induction (experimental science), theoretical modeling (theoretical science), computational simulation (computatio