国际货币基金组织：2025年支持有限连接的中央银行数字货币的技术解决方案：现有方法综述报告（英文版）

This note explores the implementation of central bank digital currencies in environments with limited connectivity, emphasizing the need for offline solutions to enhance financial inclusion. It discusses various scenarios, such as stored-value card systems and device-to-device payment methods, which allow transactions without constant internet access. Key considerations include the form factor of devices, operational risks, and privacy issues associated with offline transactions. The note hig