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我们都知道词汇学是语言学的组成部分,曾经与语音学、语法学并列;在现代语言学里,一般认为音系学、句法学、语义学是语言学的3个组成部分。词汇学是英语专业学生的必修科目,学会词汇学我们可以更深入了解英语词汇的来源以及意义,同时也便于我们积累英语词汇。
现代词汇学重点研究以下几个方面的问题:①词的定义。现代词汇学倾向于用分解的办法给词下定义,即“词”是形态的、句法的、语义的具体特征的结合。②词义分析。现代词汇学从概念意义、联想意义和社会意义3个方面分析词义。其中,社会意义是现代词汇学与前期词汇学最为不同、也是最能体现它的现代性的地方。③不同语言中词汇结构的共性成分。不同语言中存在着共性成分。凡是语言都有语音和语法的体系。语音和语法是封闭系统,有抽象的法则可循,而词汇则是开放的系统,抽象很不容易。现代词汇学重点是研究不同语言中词汇结构的共性成分。
中国的词汇学,一般认为是受到苏联语言学的影响而形成的;而欧美语言学中往往没有独立的“词汇学”,至少没有象中国现代这样的词汇学。也许是苏联语言学对中国语言学影响地位下降的原因,词汇学在近几年来在国内的地位也有所下降。但是,由于欧美语言学有一些成份确实与中国语言不相适应,不能解决中国的问题,而词汇学甚至可以说具有更多的“中国特色”,所以,词汇学还是必须保留的,词汇学在近几十年内都不可能被废弃。
综述
在语文学时期,是语言学的组成部分,曾经与语音学、语法学并列;在现代语言学里,一般认为音系学、句法学、语义学是语言学的 3个组成部分,而词汇学是语义学的一支,也称词汇语义学。前期词汇学注重分类──历时的词义变异的分类(扩大与缩小,褒义与贬义,抽象与具体,本义与转义等)和共时的功能的分类。现代词汇学着重理论模式的建立,力求把前期词汇学已有的分类放在符号与公式的基础上,提高它的精密性和可验证性,同时也探索前期未曾探索的领域,例如不同语言里词汇的共性成分。下面分部说明。
词的定义
19世纪西方语言学把“词”定义为语言的最小单位;词组成词组,词组组成句子;词是句子的重音所在,又是词的屈折变化的基础;这是这一定义的根据。20世纪初期,素的观念逐渐成熟,于是有了小于词的“词素”,但是对于词的定义,并没有较好地解决。现代词汇学倾向于用分解的办法给词下定义,即"词”是形态的、句法的、语义的具体特征的结合。承认词的三个因素,各用不同的符号代表,可以较为简便地说出词的派生和词类转换等现象并写出支配规则。
联想意义
“妇女”一词,可以联想“持家”、“养育儿女"、“温柔”等,某一种文化会加上“脆弱”,另一种文化会加上"一族之主"等。对于"联想性的意义",现代词汇学的贡献只是在区别它和概念性意义的不同,即:概念意义以逻辑为根据,不因文化不同而不同,义项固定,属于封闭系统;联想意义以经验为根据,因文化不同而不同,义项变异,属于开放系统。
社会意义
这是现代词汇学与前期词汇学最为不同,也是最能体现它的现代性的地方。前期词汇学着重静态的(即词典的、固定的)词义分类,现代词汇学则强调动态的、社会的词义分析。社会性词义有下列变素:①地区方言与社会方言的变素。②不同职业的变素。③不同语域与语用的变素。④作家风格的变素。⑤作者的意图与不同读者的不同理解的变素。诸变素中又存在交叉的关系,例如可以从一个作家的语言中研究地区方言或社会方言,又可以从社会方言角度研究不同作家的语言。
- 形容不同性格的人
- Giving Directions
- making deadlines
- Storm in a teacup
- Smells Good
- Drive me up the walls
- Kick-start
- Talking about 'talk'
- Retail Therapy
- Say What?
- feeling uneasy
- Movie Star English!
- Too cute!
- time to kill
- Packed in like Sardines
- man of the moment
- Money is tight!
- you can't be serious!
- Up and Up
- The Cloths That Make The Man
- Snack Out!
- 英语面试应用问题
- Awesome Movies and Television!
- The Single Life
- How do you feel?
- 帮我推荐吧!What's good here?
- Dressed to the nines
- breaking the ice
- Breaking the ice
- Informal self-introduction 非正式自我介绍
- A real stand-up guy 知心朋友
- Coffee Shop Talk 咖啡语
- It should be fine 差不多
- Festive Madness 节日郁抑症
- Someone I'd like you to meet
- Isms 口头禅
- It's nothing really 小意思
- Sorry to put you out 给你添麻烦!
- Humor Me
- Let's Hang! 我们聚一聚吧
- In a fix
- Grab a bite 买点小吃吧
- Season's Greetings 节假日快乐
- You really shouldn't have
- You've really pulled through
- Where have you been hiding? 最近藏哪里了?
- Spot me a fiver?
- 新年特别节目
- A brand new start
- Under the weather
- ALOL 最地道的网络语
- What are you driving at?
- Holler if you need help!
- You're Joking, right?
- 超级英语秀:犯错后致歉
- Thurs 12th on the fritz
- Come fly with me 乘坐飞机时常用的英语
- Car Exhibition English
- 超级英语秀:即时发送信息软件
- 超级英语秀:常用网络语
- 超级英语秀:我想问问
- 给各位拜年!新年快乐!
- A taste of heaven
- Have you heard about ....?
- Up all hours
- Back to work!
- Hello from Ireland! 回老家了!
- People to see, places to go
- It's piddlin' down!
- I'm stuffed 吃饱了!
- Stuck in traffic
- Don't play games with me!
- You're looking grand!
- 超级英语秀:看上去很紧张
- I'm your man!
- 超级英语秀:当地文化
- Go wan outa that
- You complete me baby!
- Go Viral!
- On Fire This Morning
- You are going to hit it off
- You're one in a million!
- pushing and shoving
- Breaking the Ice and Breaking up!
- Let's do Italian!
- Let's grab a coffee!
- I quit!
- Here's to you!
- Awe-inspiring
- Local Flavor
- Just a tad too ...
- Nice to put a face to the name
- I agree I disagree
- Don't believe everything you hear
- Up to my eyes!
- Little Words, Big Trouble
- As cute as a button
- Counting down the days!
- My Kind of thing
- What brings you to Beijing?
- my computer is on the fritz again!
- It got my vote
- Cut Dry
- You're looking well.
- Hey man, what's up?
- Smart phone, idiot-proof phone
- sounds like a plan! You can count me in.
- Photo op!
- How can I get to?
- Customer Service
- Precious Pets
- Hooking Up
- Black Friday
- Knock it out of the park
- You can shove it!
- Let's get hitched
- Just chillin'
- To Geek Out!
- How's Tricks?
- It's my treat
- Do I look like I'm kidding?
- Kicking back and chillin' out
- bit of an oddball a party animal
- 超级英语秀--免费学习简易实用趣味英语
- off the hook
- he cracks me up
- tickled pink blue in the face
- Let's Do Brunch!
- crossed wires
- Had it up to here
- It's a knock off!
- Here's to your health!
- I don't mean to pry but ...
- Time has been good to you
- Move it or loose it
- prices slashed!
- Skint!
- This Place Is A Dump
- Get Up On That
- It is no biggie
- Catch Some Rays
- Not Feeling Oneself
- I Got To Make A Move
- Live From XP June 10th 2012
- Lookin' Sharp And Dressed To Impress
- Bit Of A Weirdo
- Chillax
- What A Cutie Pie
- In The Dog House
- Be A Mate
- My Better Half
- A Greasy Spoon
- On The Level
- I don't mean to put you out
- Wait until you hear this
- Up to my neck in trouble
- Let me break it down for you
- Feel The Burn
- The Stupendous Nan Jing Railway Station
- Lashing Out
- chillin with the family
- Hey buddy where have you been hiding?
- effective study tips
- Fast Eddie
- amazing olympics
- It's gonna be alright on the night
- you must love the sound of your own voice
- well fancy meeting you here
- it just slipped my mind
- my lips are sealed 守口如瓶
- Back off buddy
- uku with me
- burning the candle at both ends
- to avoid hassle you got to hussle!
- 小饭桶学会画画
- it could happen to anyone
- It is your day
- this isnt going to end well for you
- i need a vacation
- Sorry to do this but my hands are tied
- popcorn movies and Summer blockbusters
- All bunged up
- spit it out
- soak it all in
- Soak it all in
- Eye For A Bargain
- Creature Comforts
- My wits end
- bowled over
- you got me
- I'm knackered
- ukulele with me
- Pound It
- 形容不同性格的人
- Giving Directions
- making deadlines
- Storm in a teacup
- Smells Good
- Drive me up the walls
- Kick-start
- Talking about 'talk'
- Retail Therapy
- Say What?
- feeling uneasy
- Movie Star English!
- Too cute!
- time to kill
- Packed in like Sardines
- man of the moment
- Money is tight!
- you can't be serious!
- Up and Up
- The Cloths That Make The Man
- Snack Out!
- 英语面试应用问题
- Awesome Movies and Television!
- The Single Life
- How do you feel?
- 帮我推荐吧!What's good here?
- Dressed to the nines
- breaking the ice
- Breaking the ice
- Informal self-introduction 非正式自我介绍
- A real stand-up guy 知心朋友
- Coffee Shop Talk 咖啡语
- It should be fine 差不多
- Festive Madness 节日郁抑症
- Someone I'd like you to meet
- Isms 口头禅
- It's nothing really 小意思
- Sorry to put you out 给你添麻烦!
- Humor Me
- Let's Hang! 我们聚一聚吧
- In a fix
- Grab a bite 买点小吃吧
- Season's Greetings 节假日快乐
- You really shouldn't have
- You've really pulled through
- Where have you been hiding? 最近藏哪里了?
- Spot me a fiver?
- 新年特别节目
- A brand new start
- Under the weather
- ALOL 最地道的网络语
- What are you driving at?
- Holler if you need help!
- You're Joking, right?
- 超级英语秀:犯错后致歉
- Thurs 12th on the fritz
- Come fly with me 乘坐飞机时常用的英语
- Car Exhibition English
- 超级英语秀:即时发送信息软件
- 超级英语秀:常用网络语
- 超级英语秀:我想问问
- 给各位拜年!新年快乐!
- A taste of heaven
- Have you heard about ....?
- Up all hours
- Back to work!
- Hello from Ireland! 回老家了!
- People to see, places to go
- It's piddlin' down!
- I'm stuffed 吃饱了!
- Stuck in traffic
- Don't play games with me!
- You're looking grand!
- 超级英语秀:看上去很紧张
- I'm your man!
- 超级英语秀:当地文化
- Go wan outa that
- You complete me baby!
- Go Viral!
- On Fire This Morning
- You are going to hit it off
- You're one in a million!
- pushing and shoving
- Breaking the Ice and Breaking up!
- Let's do Italian!
- Let's grab a coffee!
- I quit!
- Here's to you!
- Awe-inspiring
- Local Flavor
- Just a tad too ...
- Nice to put a face to the name
- I agree I disagree
- Don't believe everything you hear
- Up to my eyes!
- Little Words, Big Trouble
- As cute as a button
- Counting down the days!
- My Kind of thing
- What brings you to Beijing?
- my computer is on the fritz again!
- It got my vote
- Cut Dry
- You're looking well.
- Hey man, what's up?
- Smart phone, idiot-proof phone
- sounds like a plan! You can count me in.
- Photo op!
- How can I get to?
- Customer Service
- Precious Pets
- Hooking Up
- Black Friday
- Knock it out of the park
- You can shove it!
- Let's get hitched
- Just chillin'
- To Geek Out!
- How's Tricks?
- It's my treat
- Do I look like I'm kidding?
- Kicking back and chillin' out
- bit of an oddball a party animal
- 超级英语秀--免费学习简易实用趣味英语
- off the hook
- he cracks me up
- tickled pink blue in the face
- Let's Do Brunch!
- crossed wires
- Had it up to here
- It's a knock off!
- Here's to your health!
- I don't mean to pry but ...
- Time has been good to you
- Move it or loose it
- prices slashed!
- Skint!
- This Place Is A Dump
- Get Up On That
- It is no biggie
- Catch Some Rays
- Not Feeling Oneself
- I Got To Make A Move
- Live From XP June 10th 2012
- Lookin' Sharp And Dressed To Impress
- Bit Of A Weirdo
- Chillax
- What A Cutie Pie
- In The Dog House
- Be A Mate
- My Better Half
- A Greasy Spoon
- On The Level
- I don't mean to put you out
- Wait until you hear this
- Up to my neck in trouble
- Let me break it down for you
- Feel The Burn
- The Stupendous Nan Jing Railway Station
- Lashing Out
- chillin with the family
- Hey buddy where have you been hiding?
- effective study tips
- Fast Eddie
- amazing olympics
- It's gonna be alright on the night
- you must love the sound of your own voice
- well fancy meeting you here
- it just slipped my mind
- my lips are sealed 守口如瓶
- Back off buddy
- uku with me
- burning the candle at both ends
- to avoid hassle you got to hussle!
- 小饭桶学会画画
- it could happen to anyone
- It is your day
- this isnt going to end well for you
- i need a vacation
- Sorry to do this but my hands are tied
- popcorn movies and Summer blockbusters
- All bunged up
- spit it out
- soak it all in
- Soak it all in
- Eye For A Bargain
- Creature Comforts
- My wits end
- bowled over
- you got me
- I'm knackered
- ukulele with me
- Pound It