ITIF：2025年欧盟对美国科技公司的监管行动实际上是一种关税体系报告（英文版）

The EU is leveraging regulation to abet its own firms, generate revenue, and advance domestic policy goals—functions that, in practice, mirror the effects of tariffs.  Policies such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the Digital Markets Act (DMA), the Digital Services Act (DSA), and the Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) are structured in ways that focus regulatory burdens squarely on the U.S. tech sector.  The first clear sign that these EU policies function as tariffs is