学术论文

The proposal asserts that the scientific underpinnings of the Endangerment Finding are weaker than previously believed and not supported by the body of scholarship since 2009. NASEM (2025) provides the most recent review of the literature regardin...

Standard nowcasting frameworks commonly use weekly or monthly variables to monitor quarterly gross domestic product (GDP). However, this method is not suitable for economies that track GDP annually. We modify the state-space representation of an o...

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic affected education through school closures and disruptive shocks to household income, health, and economic activity. Using data from a survey carried out in 2024 in 108 rural villages as a continuation o...

Literature links food insecurity to adverse welfare outcomes, including the educational performance of children. This paper investigates whether food insecurity, exacerbated by recent food inflation, has hindered schoolchildren’s recovery from lea...

This study examines the comparative effects of digitalization on employment in developed and developing economies. Based on available data from the International Labour Organization (2024), the International Telecommunication Union (2024), and the...

Despite the rapid adoption of LLM chatbots, little is known about how they are used. We document the growth of ChatGPT’s consumer product from its launch in November 2022 through July 2025, when it had been adopted by around 10% of the world’s adu...

Since its independence in 2011, South Sudan has confronted persistent challenges from conflict and climate change, profoundly disrupting its economic and social stability. This study analyzes the economic impacts of conflict and climate shocks—spe...

This paper investigates the relationship between the work of reproductive labor and the efficiency of gender-segmented farm production in Malawi. It starts by presenting quantitative estimates of the gender gap in agricultural productivity among s...

Time-use data are expected to help in understanding and addressing critical socioeconomic concerns including gender inequalities in a country. The data also help in integrating gender into economic analysis and economic policy making to promote in...

In this paper, we empirically investigate how suitability concerns detected by the SSM in the fitness and propriety of management body appointees impact the performance of European banks in the period 2014-2023. We provide evidence that management...

Using a granular database of variable rate euro area loans and analysing their defaults between 2014 and 2019, we show that the effect of interest rate changes on mortgage defaults is highly non-linear. First, we find that the risk associated with...

This paper investigates the effects of monetary policy on banks and nonbank financial institutions (NBFIs), with particular attention to the role of financial stress. We use high-frequency identified monetary policy shocks and state-dependent loca...

To ensure that means of payments are readily interchangeable at face value – i.e. fungible – for retail payments, three elements are required: (1) seƩlement finality; (2) interoperability; and (3) seamless converƟbility of the means of payment int...

This paper explores the complex roles of demographic changes and technological innovation in shaping Japan'...

This paper quantifies the short-run economic impact of 21 Atlantic hurricanes on U.S. local business activity from 2017 to 2024 using anonymized Mastercard transaction data aggregated by ZIP code. On average, hurricanes reduce merchant sales by 12...

Panama exhibits high income inequality largely driven by disparities between regions rather than within them. The Panama Canal corridor, including Panama City and Colón, benefits from concentrated economic activities with high labor productivity a...

Panama has a significant and diverse state-owned enterprise (SOE) sector, comprising 16 non-financial enterprises, 5 financial institutions, and the Panama Canal Authority (ACP). The ACP operates under a specific legal and budgetary framework that...

An Annual Borrowing Plan (ABP) guides the short-term execution of a debt management strategy, which typically spans 3–5 years. Emerging market and low-income countries have improved their ability to develop debt management strategy (DMS), they fac...

: Competing broker initiatives to “tokenize” financial assets—i.e., represent them on programmable platforms—promise efficiency gains but raise concerns about market fragmentation. Policymakers in several countries are considering supporting suc...

This study investigates the barriers to playing video games that women face. Despite gaming being a traditionally male dominated pastime, 51% of women now game in some capacity compared to 53% of men. However, women are still less likely to play ...